Untold lives blog

Walter Key Haslewood was born on 19 November 1816 in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, the son of Reverend John Daniel Haselwood and Hannah his wife.  He was nominated to the East India Company for a Bengal Infantry cadetship in 1835 by Richard Jenkins at the recommendation of his father.

His first application for the 1835/6 season has an annotation in red ink that Haslewood had forfeited his appointment as he had not proceeded to India in line with a Standing Order of the Court dated 21 May 1828.  This order stipulated that cadets had to apply for embarkation orders within three months of being passed and sworn. However a second application submitted later in the same season was accepted and he was entered as a cadet for the Bengal Infantry.

In June 1836, prior to his departure for India as an ensign, he was presented as to King William IV by Lord Duncannon at the King’s Levée, the event being reported in the newspapers of the time.

Walter Haslewood arrived in Fort William on 7 December 1836.  Within a few weeks he had been appointed for duty with the 73rd Native Infantry before being transferred to the Left Wing of the 1st European Regiment of Fusiliers on 27 February 1837 and promoted to Lieutenant on 10 August 1838.

Bengal Army Service Record to 1841 for Walter Key Haslewood - British Library IOR/L/MIL/10/31, p.31

In 1839 the 1st European Regiment were involved in the capture of the fortress at Ghuznee.  Haslewood was severely wounded on 23 July 1839 by sabre cuts received from the enemy during the capture but recovered from his injuries sufficiently to continue serving in the Bengal Army.  He was described by his superiors as ‘an intelligent young officer’ and on 10 January 1840 was appointed Aide de Camp to the Governor-General Lord Auckland.  In February 1840 he was granted a Wound Pension, as his injuries were considered equivalent to the loss of a limb.

Announcement of the marriage of Walter Key Haslewood to Georgina Brice Ruggles-Brice, Bell's New Weekly Messenger 5 February 1843

On 13 January 1841 Haslewood applied for furlough to Europe, and whilst in England he was married on 31 January 1843 at Finchingfield, Essex, to Georgina Brise Ruggles-Brise, daughter of John Ruggles-Brice Esq. of Spain’s Hall in Essex.

Captain Walter Key Haslewood sailed once more for Europe on 6 February 1853 on medical furlough on board the Prince of Wales.  He may however have had more reasons than just the recovery of his health which prompted the return to England.

Notice of court proceedings for insolvent debtors, case of Walter Key Haslewood – Morning Herald 15 November 1853

On 17 September 1853 Haslewood was imprisoned in the Queen’s Prison as an insolvent debtor.  His case was heard before the Court on 14 November 1853 and he was discharged as a debtor the following day.  The report on his insolvency notes that his creditors had made inquiries as to whether the property left to his wife by her late father could be used to pay his debts, but the Court discounted this, along with an application for part of his pay as a Captain in the Bengal Invalid Establishment.

Haslewood continued to serve in the Invalid Establishment, rising to the rank of Major, until his death at Chandernagore on 29 August 1870.  Georgina returned to her family home of Spain’s Hall, where she died on 21 May 1880.

The Ruggles-Brice family had owned Spain’s Hall since Samuel Ruggles purchased it on 5 December 1760.  The estate remains in the family’s ownership to this day, although the manor house was sold in 2022 to the chef Jamie Oliver.

Karen Stapley
Curator, India Office Records

Further Reading:
IOR/E/4/768, p.683 – request for wound pension by Walter Key Haslewood, 21 December 1841
IOR/L/MIL/9/183 ff.191-194 Cadet Papers of Walter Key Haslewood 1835 season (1)
IOR/B/181 Court 21 May 1828 – Standing Order concerning cadets’ embarkation
IOR/L/MIL/9/184 ff.495-498 Cadet Papers of Walter Key Haslewood 1835 season (2)
IOR/L/MIL/10/31/31 Bengal Service Army List, Walter Key Haslewood
British Newspaper Archive e.g.
South Eastern Gazette 21 June 1836, page 4 – announcement of Walter Key Haslewood’s presentation to the King
Bell’s New Weekly Messenger 5 February 1843, page 7 – announcement of the marriage of Walter Key Haslewood & Georgina Brice Ruggles-Brice
Morning Herald (London) 15 November 1853, page 6 – Court proceedings for Walter Key Haslewood, insolvent debtor

Whilst working through some Lord Clive Fund Pension records, the application for a pension from Mrs Maria Johnston, widow of Captain Leathes Johnston, caught my eye because the wording of her husband’s rank and title were not written in the usual manner.

The records of the Committee for the Management and Application of the Military (Lord Clive) Fund discuss the application of Mrs Maria Johnston and describe her as the ‘Widow of Mr Leathes Johnston, who died a Captain the Company’s Service at Bombay’.

Record of the admission of Mrs Maria Johnston to a pension from the Lord Clive Fund, 11 August 1773 - IOR/L/AG/23/2/3, p.68 

The wording for Leathes Johnston suggested he had not been in the Company’s employ for very long, so I decided to see what had brought him to Bombay at that time.

Leathes Johnston was born in County Antrim in about 1727 and was the only son of William Johnston and Jane Leathes.  Jane was the daughter of John Mussenden and his wife Jane, née Leathes, but following the death of her maternal uncle William Leathes, the family name was changed from Mussenden to Leathes to maintain the family title and inheritance.

Together with his cousin John, Leathes Johnston was educated at the Royal School in Armagh before going to live with his uncle Carteret Leathes, MP for Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk.  Carteret secured commissions in the Army for his nephews and Leathes was appointed a Lieutenant in the 14th Regiment of Foot on 31 October 1751.  In April 1755 the Admiralty decided that 50 new companies of marines needed to be raised, and appointed Leathes as one of the new Captains in command of them.  The 50 companies were divided into 3 divisions, and Leathes was assigned to the division based at Chatham in Kent.

Appointment of Leathes Johnston as Captain to a Company of Marines  -  The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle, Volume 25, April 1755

Alongside his army commission, Leathes also served as a Gentleman Usher Quarterly Waiter to King George II, being appointed on 21 November 1753.

According to the memoirs of his nephew John Johnston ‘Leathes married Mary, the daughter of the late Sir Benjamin Bloomfield’ and the couple had at least six children before Mary died in around 1768/9.

In early 1770 Leathes Johnston applied to the East India Company for a position as a Captain in their Army.  On 28 March 1770 his appointment as a Captain was announced by the Court of Directors, and on 30 March 1770 he was sworn in as a Captain of Infantry for Bombay.

Appointment of Leathes Johnston as Captain in the Bombay Army by the East India Company Court of Directors 28 March 1770 - IOR/B/85 p.494

Prior to departing for Bombay, Leathes was married for a second time on 10 May 1770 to Miss Maria Branch at St Martin in the Fields, London.

It seems that Leathes departed for Bombay without his wife, as on 5 September 1770 Maria petitioned the Company to be permitted to travel to Bombay and join her husband, which was granted (although the Company mistakenly records her name as Mrs Ann Johnston).  The couple had a son Thomas who was baptised in Darenth, Kent, in October 1770, and the birth of Leathes’ youngest son may well have been the reason Maria could not travel to Bombay with her husband and had to delay her journey until later in 1770.

Leathes Johnston died in Bombay on 20 May 1771 where as well as serving as a Captain of Infantry he was also Town Major.

His widow Maria, on returning to England in 1773, applied to the East India Company’s Lord Clive Fund for pension which she received until Christmas 1783.

Leathes’ eldest son William followed him into the King’s Army, rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and serving in the West Indies; his youngest son Thomas became a priest and was Rector of Broughton in Huntingdonshire.

Karen Stapley
Curator, India Office Records

Further Reading:
IOR/B/85, 28 & 30 Mar 1770 – East India Company Court Minutes: Appointment of Leathes Johnston as a Captain in the East India Company’s Service.
IOR/B/86, 5 Sep 1770 – East India Company Court Minutes: application of Mrs Maria Johnston to travel to Bombay to be with her husband.
IOR/L/AG/23/2/3, p.68 – Records of the Committee for the Management and Application of the Military (Lord Clive) Fund: admission of Mrs Maria Johnston to a pension on the Lord Clive Fund, 11 Aug 1773.
250.e.1-26 The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle, Volume 25, April 1755
L.R.252.b.10. The history and antiquities of the County of Suffolk, Volume 2, Alfred Ingo Suckling, London: 1846-8
Historical Collections. Collections and Researches: Vol. XXXII, 1876, via Google Books 

On 25 July 1823, East India Company warehouse labourer Charles Richards was brought into the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in London to receive his discharge from debtors’ prison.  However he was opposed by Mary Ann Richards, widow of his brother Benjamin.  She challenged the schedule of debts.

Morning Herald 26 July 1823 British Newspaper Archive

Benjamin Richards had been the cook on board East Indiaman Marquis of Camden on a voyage to Bombay and China.  The ship’s captain Thomas Larkins told the Court that Benjamin had been ‘deranged’ during the voyage and unable to do his duty.  When the ship arrived back in the Thames, Benjamin had jumped or fallen overboard and drowned.  He was buried on 14 May 1823 at Milton near Gravesend in Kent, aged 38.

Before the ship entered the docks in London, Charles Richards went on board and asked for the slush and fat which was the perquisite of the ship’s cook.  Slush was the floating grease skimmed off boiled meat which could be sold to tallow merchants.  There were fifteen casks worth about £60 or £70 and they were given to Charles on the understanding that he was receiving it for the benefit of Benjamin’s widow Mary Ann.  He sold the slush to Mr Rottenbury of Gravesend.

The Court was told that Mary Ann was in great distress.  She stated that she had married Benjamin seven months before he left on his last voyage.  Her husband had left £10 with Charles who was to give her money as needed.  She had received £3 from Charles in the two years that Benjamin had been absent.  Charles claimed that his brother had owed him £40.

The Court heard evidence of Charles’s financial situation and property.  He earned 18s a week from the East India Company, and let out rooms as lodgings in his house in St George in the East.  Charles and his wife both owned watches and she had five shawls, three from India.

Mr Heath addressed the Court, claiming that Charles had endeavoured, by misrepresentation and fraud, to obtain the perquisites of a poor widow.  He drew attention to the income Charles derived from his position as warehouse labourer, the profits from his lodgers, and other sources of emolument.  Charles should be obliged to pay the debt due to Mary Ann.

The Chief Commissioner ruled that this was a case of persecution, where there ought to have been protection, and of fraud where there should have been pity.  Charles’s villainy ‘was too glaring to be doubted for a moment’.  It was hard to conceive of a case of greater hardship than that of this poor widow.  The Court granted the application made on behalf of Mary Ann that the schedule of debts should be dismissed.  Charles was remanded and he returned to prison.

Margaret Makepeace
Lead Curator, East India Company Records

Further reading;
The British Newspaper Archive has several articles on the Court proceedings of 25 July 1823, with variations to the story e.g.
Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser 26 July 1823
British Press 26 July 1823
Morning Herald 26 July 1823
Morning Chronicle 26 July 1823

In a previous blog, I described how a volume of 17th century Surat records belonging to the Government of Bombay travelled backwards and forwards between India and London and was subsequently lost at sea in the wreck of the SS Oceana.

Just weeks later, on 15 April 1912, RMS Titanic famously sank in the waters of the North Atlantic, with the loss of over 1500 lives.  Many notable books, paintings and artefacts were on board (including the ‘Titanic Omar’.  But so too were fourteen Sanskrit manuscripts belonging to the Governmental Library, Deccan College Poona (Pune).  These were on loan from the Government of Bombay and were en-route from the India Office in London to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.  They had been borrowed by Franklin Edgerton, a budding Sanskrit scholar working under Professor Maurice Bloomfield.

In May 1911, Edgerton wrote to the India Office Library in London requesting assistance in locating and examining all copies of the Vikramacaritra, including those in India, for a critical study of the work.  The Library was a hub for the loan of manuscript materials, particularly those in Persian, Arabic, and South Asian languages.  It facilitated and arranged access to manuscripts in its own collections, to the Government of India’s collections, and to collections in European institutions, with the recipients being a wide range of academics and interested persons worldwide.

Letter forwarding manuscripts from Bombay to London February 1912 IOR/L/R/9/9

List of Sanskrit manuscripts to be loaned with values February 1912 IOR/L/R/9/9

The fourteen Sanskrit manuscripts were formally requested from Bombay and were despatched to the India Office Library in London to administer the loan, arriving in March 1912.  As was usual practice, Edgerton paid a bond for the ‘value’ of the manuscripts, said to be Rs 303.  The Library Committee proposed that Edgerton should only have three manuscripts in his possession at any one time, and the manuscripts were only to be loaned until 31 December 1912.  Unfortunately, that did not mean staggering their despatch.  They were parcelled up and sent via the forwarding agents Carter, Paterson & Co on 1 April, and placed aboard Titanic.

Letter informing the India Office of the loss of manuscripts on the Titanic April 1912 IOR/L/R/9/9

The India Office was informed of the loss on 17 April.  The Librarian Frederick William Thomas was phlegmatic in telling the Library Committee: ‘The loss is regrettable, but it cannot be said that the Mss were exposed to any greater risk when despatched to America than when en-route from Bombay.  The work contained in the 14 manuscripts was by no means a rare one, & it has been edited in print’.  The India Office had insured the parcel and received £20 in compensation, which was passed to the Government of Bombay.

Librarian FW Thomas's report of the loss to the Library Committee May 1912 IOR/L/R/9/9

Franklin Edgerton went on to borrow more manuscripts and finally published his two volume work Vikrama's Adventures; or, the Thirty-two Tales of the Throne (Cambridge Mass; 1926).  In the preface to the first volume he acknowledged both the assistance of the India Office Library, Librarian FW Thomas, and the loss of the Sanskrit manuscripts: ‘This terrible disaster deprived me of materials which would unquestionably have proved a great enrichment of the sources at my disposal for the edition; yet I cannot but recognise that my personal loss is small in comparison with the permanent loss of this large collection of manuscripts...’.

Lesley Shapland
Archivist & Provenance Researcher
India Office Records

Further reading:
Papers regarding loans to Dr Edgerton, including details of the loss of Sanskrit manuscripts on the Titanic can be found in IOR/L/R/9/9, L135/13: Library Committee Papers, 1913.

A recent blog post showcased the journal of the East India Company ship Rochester written by Captain Francis Stanes in 1709-1712.  Stanes illustrated his journal of the voyage to China with accomplished drawings of birds, fishes and shorelines.  The British Library holds another journal for that voyage, kept by the ship’s purser Joseph White.  This is not remarkable for its beauty.  At the front and back are pages of scribbles including East India Company balemarks, and the ‘signatures’ of Jeffery Stanes, the owner of the Rochester, and of third mate Robert Gardner.

Pages from Joseph White's journal IOR/L/MAR/B/ 137C

However, White’s journal provides extra information about the voyage.  As purser, he was responsible for the sale before the mast of the effects of men who had died or who had deserted leaving their possessions behind.

White listed six sales, stating what was sold, the buyers, and the prices paid.  Apart from clothes and personal property, the lists show items which the mariners probably hoped to sell or exchange in Asia, and goods acquired during the voyage.

Page from White's journal showing sale before the mast of John Tillington's property IOR/L/MAR/B/ 137

James Johnson, sailor, was killed on 3 March 1709/10 when working at the top of the main mast.  The sale of his belongings raised a total of £6 19s 0d – clothing; a flute and a flute book; paper; looking glasses; buttons and thread; combs and cases; buckle; a bed; and a silken rug.  Johnson also had £10 18s 0d in cash.  His will left everything to his ‘trusty friend’ Sarah Churchman of Ratcliffe.

Robert Sheppard, first mate, died on 16 March 1709/10 soon after leaving England.  He was buried at sea with eight guns ‘as customary’.  His extensive array of possessions were sold for a total of £80 9s 0d: large quantities of clothing; navigational instruments and books; pairs of pistols; swords; a punch bowl; tin cases for storing papers; several Gloucestershire cheeses; lime juice; cordial water; tobacco; French brandy; rum; ‘English spirits’; beer; and wine.  Sheppard left everything to his wife Elizabeth in his will.

Lawrence Lucrany, a cook, deserted at Batavia on 12 July 1710.  The sale of his bedding and clothing raised £4 15s 0d.  The money owed to Lucrany was paid to his wife Winifred.

John Tillington was a black man who was servant to Robert Sheppard.  He drowned on 27 August 1710, having fallen overboard ‘being in liquor’.  Apart from clothing, his belongings included thread; three razors; seven pairs of scissors; a looking glass; soap and tobacco; and a variety of coins – English, Dutch, ducatoons, rupees and ‘royales' .  A total of £12 18s 10d was collected.

James Beversham, coxswain, died at sea on 5 April 1712 during the return voyage.  He had acquired ivory fans; lacquer ware; ‘nicknax’; cups, saucers, bowls, and plates; Chinese pictures; canisters of tea; nutmegs; cloves.; a five-gallon keg of soy; and pieces of flowered silk.  These were sold together with his clothing and eighteen reading books, raising £52 1s 6d.  Beversham’s will left his entire estate to his wife Mary.

David Perismore, Captain Stane’s servant, died at sea on 9 April 1712.  His sale brought in £12 1s 0d and included clothing; a sword; eighteen old reading books; a flute, a razor; and a few items seemingly brought from Asia – China pots and silk garters.

Purser Joseph White must have died soon after the Rochester returned to England. His wages were paid to his father Richard on 27 November 1713.

Margaret Makepeace
Lead Curator, East India Company Records

Further reading:
Journal of the Rochester written by Joseph White IOR/L/MAR/B/ 137C.
Ledger for the Rochester IOR/L/MAR/B/137D(1).
Receipt book for wages earned on the Rochester IOR/L/MAR/B/137D(2).
Will of James Johnson, dated 22 November 1709, proved 27 September 1712 - The National Archives PROB 11/528/444.
Will of Robert Sheppard, dated 3 February 1703/04, proved 30 September 1710 – The National Archives PROB 11/518/53.
Will of James Beversham, dated 20 August 1708, proved 1 December 1712 – The National Archives PROB 11/530/101. His widow Mary married Thomas Weston at Shadwell on 6 January 1712/13.

A newly catalogued India Office Private Papers collection is now available to view in the Asian and African Studies Reading Room.  It consists of the large journal collection and private papers of William Coldstream (1841-1929), Indian Civil Servant, and his son Sir John Coldstream (1877–1954), also of the Civil Service.

William Coldstream was born in 1841 in South Leith, Midlothian, Scotland to John Coldstream (1806–1863), a Scottish physician, and to Margaret Dryborough Menzies (1812-1871).  He achieved his BA at Edinburgh University and was appointed to the Bengal Civil Service after open competitive examination in 1860.  Coldstream maintained an academic curiosity throughout his life, as he was the author of several academic papers on agriculture, as well as editor to Sir William Muir's work Records of the Intelligence Department of The Government of the North-west Provinces of India During the Mutiny of 1857.  For much of his career he was a District Commissioner in the Punjab, of which his experience is well documented in his journals.

Notebook pages showing journal entries, names of some acquaintances in Persian, and pen and ink studies of Benares streets. Mss Eur F590/2/1, pp.94-5.

The 40 journals in this collection provide a fascinating insight into his life and duties, as well as detailed records, reports, and illustrations of towns and villages.  This includes census data, notes, and illustrations of Indian individuals and groups, agriculture and arboriculture, weather and local animal life, to name just a few.  These notebooks are also inclusive of Coldstream’s personal interests, such as Indian Christian missionary works, Indian artwork promotion, Indian social reform, and Indian students in Britain.  Many of the notebooks were written during his retirement in London (1894-1927) and these display a continued close personal, academic, and official connection with the Punjab, particularly with missionary groups such as the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission.  Coldstream continued to hold a leading and respected position within what he described as ‘Anglo-Indian’ groups and felt a strong kinship with the Punjab and its people.  He appeared to take great pride in helping Indian students adapt to Britain, inviting them to his home, to join him at Church, and to social events, although there is a clear desire to dispel anti-colonial British thought among the young students, particularly following the First World War.

Notebook pages showing journal entries, a pressed ‘gadfly’ specimen, and a drawing of a religious ‘chariot’ from the annual procession ‘Rath Yatra’, as part of the festival Kullu Dussehra held in the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Mss Eur F590/2/11, pp.172-3.

Also included in this collection are a small selection of papers of his son, Sir John Coldstream (1877–1954), who followed his father’s footsteps into the India Civil Service.  John, usually referred to as ‘Jack’, served as a High Court Judge in Lahore 1925-1937, and then Chief Minister of Kapurthala state.  During the First World War Jack for a time worked as an Indian mail censor, and in this collection there are his reports of 1914-1915, with extracts of Indian letters.  These letters provide an insight, although a greatly filtered one, of Indian soldiers' daily lives and inner thoughts.  Additional items in this collection include various family papers, correspondence, photographs, and memorabilia of the Coldstream family.

Maddy Clark
India Office Records

Further Reading:
Collection of William Coldstream (1841-1929), Mss Eur F590- a paper catalogue of the contents is available to consult in the Asian and African Reading Room.

The India Office often borrowed documents from India for administrative purposes and frequently sent out manuscripts from its Library to scholars across the world for academic research.  Until the middle of the 20th century, there was little alternative to transporting documents by ship.  As we shall see from this and a subsequent post, 1912 was a particularly bad year for both the Government of Bombay and the India Office for losing records and manuscripts at sea.

Wreck of the Oceana from Illustrated London News 23 March 1912 Image © Illustrated London News Group, created courtesy of The British Library Board - British Newspaper Archive

On 16 March 1912, the SS Oceana was wrecked off Beachy Head on the Sussex coast after a collision with the Pisagua.  Tragically, seventeen people lost their lives when a lifeboat capsized.  The Oceana was heading for India on the run from Tilbury to Bombay and on board was the Surat Factory Inwards Letterbook, 1646-47, which was being returned to the Government of Bombay.  Part of a series of records charting the earliest years of the East India Company in Surat, it had been sent to London in November 1911 at the behest of Registrar William Foster.  Foster was working on a series of calendars of early records, published as The English Factories in India (1911 onwards).

It was the Surat volume’s second trip to London, having been previously sent by the Government of Bombay for conservation work due to its fragile state.  The volume was conserved and rebound at the Public Records Office in Chancery Lane in 1901-02 with eleven other volumes of ‘ancient records’ from Bombay.  The conservation work cost the Government of Bombay £74 10 shillings, above the original estimate of £68.  Before the volumes were finally returned to India in 1905, copies of anything not in the collection in London were made, primarily by Miss Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, who was employed by the Record Department for her archival and palaeographical skills.  For the publication though, Foster was keen to check the original against the copy, and requested the volume be borrowed again.  It is perhaps ironic that the conserved state of the volume made the loan less of a concern.

The shipping and loss of the Surat Letter Book - IOR/L/R/6/333 (R1910/12)

Foster reported the loss to Bombay on 5 July 1912.  He had hoped that as he had requested special care should be taken of the Surat volume, P&O - the owners of the Oceana – might have placed it in the ship’s safe, which was subsequently salvaged along with the ship’s cargo of gold and silver ingots.  When the safe was opened however, the Surat volume was not to be found.  All Foster could do was to send a typed copy of the transcript to Bombay as recompense.  Meanwhile, Foster’s annotated copy of the Surat Inwards Letter Book 1646-1647 survives in the India Office Records as IOR/G/36/102A.

Surat Letter Book 1646-1647 first page of typescript  IOR/G/36/102A

Lesley Shapland
Archivist & Provenance Researcher
India Office Records

Further reading:
Details regarding the conservation, copying and return of Surat Letter Book and other volumes from Bombay can be found in IOR/L/R/6/220 (R923/01), IOR/L/R/6/224 (R1566/01), IOR/L/R/6/231 (R1122/02), and IOR/L/R/6/265 (R440/05).

Details regarding Foster’s loan of the Surat Letter Book and its subsequent loss can be found in IOR/L/R/6/333 (R1910/12).

Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, daughter of Assistant Keeper of the Public Records William Noel Sainsbury, was employed by the India Office Record Department from 1899.  Her contribution to the work of the Department, including transcription, calendaring and publication can be traced through William Foster’s Departmental Annual Reports in the series IOR/L/R/6 & IOR/L/R/7.

Enjoy puzzles?  Try researching women hand bookbinders in the early 1900s!  ‘Lady binders’ was a hot topic in newspapers, but they tended to work for a restricted period, their careers cut short by various events including marriage (which usually involved a change of surname) and the social and economic upheavals of the First World War.

In careers articles and exhibition reviews, women binders are often referred to as ‘Miss’ plus surname.  Miss M. Marshall, the binder of Library’s newly acquired copy of William Morris's Poems (1908) has proved difficult to research, but we can reveal her identity.

Gold tooled green goatskin binding by M. Marshall on William Morris, Poems, 1908 (shelf mark to be assigned).

In an electoral register for London’s Holborn 1907-1908, a Maud Marshall is shown as joint occupier of a shop at 6 Denmark Street with Edith Gedye, who was a bookbinder.  Maud’s residential address is given as 18 Blomfield Street, Paddington. Through this address, Maud Marshall the bookbinder can be linked to her siblings Mary Crawford Marshall and Angus McPherson Marshall who were living there at the time of the 1911 census.  Mary was born in Yokohama, Japan.  In 1911, bookbinder Maud Marshall was living in Claygate, Surrey, and her place of birth was Japan.

Emily Maud Marshall was born on 12 January 1869 in Yokohama, the daughter of merchant William Marshall and his wife Clementina Strachan née McLean.  Her father died suddenly at Yokohama on 4 September 1873 and the family returned to England.  Clementina died in 1900.

Based in London during the first decade of the 20th century, Maud Marshall worked as a bookbinder in collaboration with Edith Gedye.  Their binding styles were influenced by William Morris and T. J. Cobden-Sanderson's Arts and Crafts movement (as were many contemporary hand binders) but it is not known who taught them.  The pair exhibited their bindings at Arts & Crafts Exhibition Society shows in 1903 and 1906.  From 1904 to 1907, the book seller Bain helped them sell their work.  Newspaper articles indicate that they submitted their bindings to many amateur and professional competitions, and they regularly received first prizes, certificates and honorable mentions.

Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society - catalogue of the seventh exhibition, the New Gallery, 121 Regent St. 1903. Images from Internet Archive. Digitised book from the collections of the Archive of Art and Design, Victoria and Albert Museum, uploaded by V&A staff.

Maud Marshall contributed a piece on bookbinding to The Fingerpost. A guide to the professions and occupations of educated women first published in 1906.  She wrote: ‘Of the many careers opened of late years to women, bookbinding is perhaps the one most attractive in point of interest, combining as it does physical, mental and artistic effort.  Whether it is a lucrative career must depend entirely upon the individual’.

A career in artistic bookbinding could certainly be an uphill struggle for women, as emphasised in this article from The Queen.

The Queen 28 May 1910 p.42 British Newspaper Archive

Gedye and Marshall offered lessons in bookbinding.  This not only provided an increased income stream for the business but also gave experience to those not otherwise able to learn the craft (notably women who were not usually eligible for apprenticeships).  They also devised a way of obtaining patronage from country house owners by offering to bind together family correspondence and supplying albums to be used for visitors’ books.

Country Life 19 December 1903 lxiv British Newspaper Archive

In 1910 the pair begun to work independently, with Edith moving to Bristol.  Maud continued to rent business premises in London, but in the 1921 census she is listed in Ware, Hertfordshire, ‘not occupied for a living’.  She died in Aldingbourne, Sussex, on 25 March 1940.

Lower turn-in with signature of M. Marshall.

P J M Marks, Curator, Bookbindings
Margaret Makepeace, Lead Curator East India Company Records

Further reading:
Marianne Tidcombe, Women Bookbinders 1880-1920, 1996
The Fingerpost: A Guide to the Professions and Occupations of Educated Women, with Information as to Necessary Training (London: Central Employment Bureau for Women and Students, 1906.)
See also British Library C.188.a.412. In an early twentieth century English brown goat skin binding tooled in gold and onlaid. Signed: M & G 1905 [i.e. Miss Marshall and Edith J. Gedye]
British Newspaper Archive