A recent blog post showcased the journal of the East India Company ship Rochester written by Captain Francis Stanes in 1709-1712.  Stanes illustrated his journal of the voyage to China with accomplished drawings of birds, fishes and shorelines.  The British Library holds another journal for that voyage, kept by the ship’s purser Joseph White.  This is not remarkable for its beauty.  At the front and back are pages of scribbles including East India Company balemarks, and the ‘signatures’ of Jeffery Stanes, the owner of the Rochester, and of third mate Robert Gardner.

Pages from Joseph White's journal IOR/L/MAR/B/ 137C

However, White’s journal provides extra information about the voyage.  As purser, he was responsible for the sale before the mast of the effects of men who had died or who had deserted leaving their possessions behind.

White listed six sales, stating what was sold, the buyers, and the prices paid.  Apart from clothes and personal property, the lists show items which the mariners probably hoped to sell or exchange in Asia, and goods acquired during the voyage.

Page from White's journal showing sale before the mast of John Tillington's property IOR/L/MAR/B/ 137

James Johnson, sailor, was killed on 3 March 1709/10 when working at the top of the main mast.  The sale of his belongings raised a total of £6 19s 0d – clothing; a flute and a flute book; paper; looking glasses; buttons and thread; combs and cases; buckle; a bed; and a silken rug.  Johnson also had £10 18s 0d in cash.  His will left everything to his ‘trusty friend’ Sarah Churchman of Ratcliffe.

Robert Sheppard, first mate, died on 16 March 1709/10 soon after leaving England.  He was buried at sea with eight guns ‘as customary’.  His extensive array of possessions were sold for a total of £80 9s 0d: large quantities of clothing; navigational instruments and books; pairs of pistols; swords; a punch bowl; tin cases for storing papers; several Gloucestershire cheeses; lime juice; cordial water; tobacco; French brandy; rum; ‘English spirits’; beer; and wine.  Sheppard left everything to his wife Elizabeth in his will.

Lawrence Lucrany, a cook, deserted at Batavia on 12 July 1710.  The sale of his bedding and clothing raised £4 15s 0d.  The money owed to Lucrany was paid to his wife Winifred.

John Tillington was a black man who was servant to Robert Sheppard.  He drowned on 27 August 1710, having fallen overboard ‘being in liquor’.  Apart from clothing, his belongings included thread; three razors; seven pairs of scissors; a looking glass; soap and tobacco; and a variety of coins – English, Dutch, ducatoons, rupees and ‘royales' .  A total of £12 18s 10d was collected.

James Beversham, coxswain, died at sea on 5 April 1712 during the return voyage.  He had acquired ivory fans; lacquer ware; ‘nicknax’; cups, saucers, bowls, and plates; Chinese pictures; canisters of tea; nutmegs; cloves.; a five-gallon keg of soy; and pieces of flowered silk.  These were sold together with his clothing and eighteen reading books, raising £52 1s 6d.  Beversham’s will left his entire estate to his wife Mary.

David Perismore, Captain Stane’s servant, died at sea on 9 April 1712.  His sale brought in £12 1s 0d and included clothing; a sword; eighteen old reading books; a flute, a razor; and a few items seemingly brought from Asia – China pots and silk garters.

Purser Joseph White must have died soon after the Rochester returned to England. His wages were paid to his father Richard on 27 November 1713.

Margaret Makepeace
Lead Curator, East India Company Records

Further reading:
Journal of the Rochester written by Joseph White IOR/L/MAR/B/ 137C.
Ledger for the Rochester IOR/L/MAR/B/137D(1).
Receipt book for wages earned on the Rochester IOR/L/MAR/B/137D(2).
Will of James Johnson, dated 22 November 1709, proved 27 September 1712 - The National Archives PROB 11/528/444.
Will of Robert Sheppard, dated 3 February 1703/04, proved 30 September 1710 – The National Archives PROB 11/518/53.
Will of James Beversham, dated 20 August 1708, proved 1 December 1712 – The National Archives PROB 11/530/101. His widow Mary married Thomas Weston at Shadwell on 6 January 1712/13.

 

A newly catalogued India Office Private Papers collection is now available to view in the Asian and African Studies Reading Room.  It consists of the large journal collection and private papers of William Coldstream (1841-1929), Indian Civil Servant, and his son Sir John Coldstream (1877–1954), also of the Civil Service.

William Coldstream was born in 1841 in South Leith, Midlothian, Scotland to John Coldstream (1806–1863), a Scottish physician, and to Margaret Dryborough Menzies (1812-1871).  He achieved his BA at Edinburgh University and was appointed to the Bengal Civil Service after open competitive examination in 1860.  Coldstream maintained an academic curiosity throughout his life, as he was the author of several academic papers on agriculture, as well as editor to Sir William Muir's work Records of the Intelligence Department of The Government of the North-west Provinces of India During the Mutiny of 1857.  For much of his career he was a District Commissioner in the Punjab, of which his experience is well documented in his journals.

Notebook pages showing journal entries, names of some acquaintances in Persian, and pen and ink studies of Benares streets. Mss Eur F590/2/1, pp.94-5.

The 40 journals in this collection provide a fascinating insight into his life and duties, as well as detailed records, reports, and illustrations of towns and villages.  This includes census data, notes, and illustrations of Indian individuals and groups, agriculture and arboriculture, weather and local animal life, to name just a few.  These notebooks are also inclusive of Coldstream’s personal interests, such as Indian Christian missionary works, Indian artwork promotion, Indian social reform, and Indian students in Britain.  Many of the notebooks were written during his retirement in London (1894-1927) and these display a continued close personal, academic, and official connection with the Punjab, particularly with missionary groups such as the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission.  Coldstream continued to hold a leading and respected position within what he described as ‘Anglo-Indian’ groups and felt a strong kinship with the Punjab and its people.  He appeared to take great pride in helping Indian students adapt to Britain, inviting them to his home, to join him at Church, and to social events, although there is a clear desire to dispel anti-colonial British thought among the young students, particularly following the First World War.

Notebook pages showing journal entries, a pressed ‘gadfly’ specimen, and a drawing of a religious ‘chariot’ from the annual procession ‘Rath Yatra’, as part of the festival Kullu Dussehra held in the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Mss Eur F590/2/11, pp.172-3.

Also included in this collection are a small selection of papers of his son, Sir John Coldstream (1877–1954), who followed his father’s footsteps into the India Civil Service.  John, usually referred to as ‘Jack’, served as a High Court Judge in Lahore 1925-1937, and then Chief Minister of Kapurthala state.  During the First World War Jack for a time worked as an Indian mail censor, and in this collection there are his reports of 1914-1915, with extracts of Indian letters.  These letters provide an insight, although a greatly filtered one, of Indian soldiers' daily lives and inner thoughts.  Additional items in this collection include various family papers, correspondence, photographs, and memorabilia of the Coldstream family.

Maddy Clark
India Office Records

Further Reading:
Collection of William Coldstream (1841-1929), Mss Eur F590- a paper catalogue of the contents is available to consult in the Asian and African Reading Room.

 

The India Office often borrowed documents from India for administrative purposes and frequently sent out manuscripts from its Library to scholars across the world for academic research.  Until the middle of the 20th century, there was little alternative to transporting documents by ship.  As we shall see from this and a subsequent post, 1912 was a particularly bad year for both the Government of Bombay and the India Office for losing records and manuscripts at sea.

Wreck of the Oceana from Illustrated London News 23 March 1912 Image © Illustrated London News Group, created courtesy of The British Library Board - British Newspaper Archive

On 16 March 1912, the SS Oceana was wrecked off Beachy Head on the Sussex coast after a collision with the Pisagua.  Tragically, seventeen people lost their lives when a lifeboat capsized.  The Oceana was heading for India on the run from Tilbury to Bombay and on board was the Surat Factory Inwards Letterbook, 1646-47, which was being returned to the Government of Bombay.  Part of a series of records charting the earliest years of the East India Company in Surat, it had been sent to London in November 1911 at the behest of Registrar William Foster.  Foster was working on a series of calendars of early records, published as The English Factories in India (1911 onwards).

It was the Surat volume’s second trip to London, having been previously sent by the Government of Bombay for conservation work due to its fragile state.  The volume was conserved and rebound at the Public Records Office in Chancery Lane in 1901-02 with eleven other volumes of ‘ancient records’ from Bombay.  The conservation work cost the Government of Bombay £74 10 shillings, above the original estimate of £68.  Before the volumes were finally returned to India in 1905, copies of anything not in the collection in London were made, primarily by Miss Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, who was employed by the Record Department for her archival and palaeographical skills.  For the publication though, Foster was keen to check the original against the copy, and requested the volume be borrowed again.  It is perhaps ironic that the conserved state of the volume made the loan less of a concern.

The shipping and loss of the Surat Letter Book - IOR/L/R/6/333 (R1910/12)

Foster reported the loss to Bombay on 5 July 1912.  He had hoped that as he had requested special care should be taken of the Surat volume, P&O - the owners of the Oceana – might have placed it in the ship’s safe, which was subsequently salvaged along with the ship’s cargo of gold and silver ingots.  When the safe was opened however, the Surat volume was not to be found.  All Foster could do was to send a typed copy of the transcript to Bombay as recompense.  Meanwhile, Foster’s annotated copy of the Surat Inwards Letter Book 1646-1647 survives in the India Office Records as IOR/G/36/102A.

Surat Letter Book 1646-1647 first page of typescript  IOR/G/36/102A

Lesley Shapland
Archivist & Provenance Researcher
India Office Records

Further reading:
Details regarding the conservation, copying and return of Surat Letter Book and other volumes from Bombay can be found in IOR/L/R/6/220 (R923/01), IOR/L/R/6/224 (R1566/01), IOR/L/R/6/231 (R1122/02), and IOR/L/R/6/265 (R440/05).

Details regarding Foster’s loan of the Surat Letter Book and its subsequent loss can be found in IOR/L/R/6/333 (R1910/12).

Ethel Bruce Sainsbury, daughter of Assistant Keeper of the Public Records William Noel Sainsbury, was employed by the India Office Record Department from 1899.  Her contribution to the work of the Department, including transcription, calendaring and publication can be traced through William Foster’s Departmental Annual Reports in the series IOR/L/R/6 & IOR/L/R/7.

 

What sources do you turn to when you want to write a book about a little-known member of the Georgian Royal Family who barely figures in biographies and history books of that period?

A drawing by Hugh Hamilton of Frederick William Blomberg when a child. The drawing is en suite with five others of George III and his four eldest sons, all of 1769. Royal Collections Trust/© His Majesty King Charles III 2024 RCIN 935356

Master Frederick Blomberg was the four-year-old orphan boy who was adopted into the royal household at Richmond Palace by King George III and Queen Charlotte in 1765 and brought up as a prince.  Just why would the royal couple absorb a child into their home and allow him to become a close friend and confidante to their eldest son, and heir, the then three-year-old Prince George, the future regent and King George IV?  My grandmother told me many years ago that she understood Frederick was the ‘accidental’ result of a romance between the young King George III before his marriage to Queen Charlotte, and that his equerry and best friend Frederick Blomberg, an officer in the British Army, married the girl to prevent a scandal and give the child a name and an inheritance.

Records from St Margaret’s Church Rochester contain the marriage of Lt Frederick Blomberg, HM 61st Regiment, to widow Melissa Frankland née Laing in April 1760.  Their son Frederick William was baptised at the same church in September 1761.

All was well for Frederick William Blomberg until his father died on active service in the West Indies.  Accounts of Captain Blomberg’s ghostly appearance after death add piquance to the story.  The apparition exhorted his commanding officer to seek out the son of his secret marriage and to inform King George III.

Word of Frederick’s plight duly reached the King and Queen, and they very generously took in the little boy, cared for and educated him.  Frederick studied divinity at St John’s College, Cambridge, and, once ordained in 1787, he was back within his royal family as chaplain at Windsor and also private secretary to Prince George.

I was so intrigued by this story that I decided to research it and write a novel.

Finding scant reference to Blomberg in biographies and history books, I turned to The National Archives, the Royal Archives and newspaper archives for information.  The Gentleman’s Magazine and parochial and church records were also helpful.  Scouring the publications of the day I found frequent references to Prince George and Master Frederick present at royal banquets, soirees or state events.  Best of all, I found very personal accounts of them performing violin or cello duets at royal residences or out riding together near the Brighton Pavilion.  It soon became apparent that Frederick Blomberg was frequently at the heart of court events and very often present at crucial occasions, not least during King George III’s bouts of madness.  It pleased me to find a reference to Blomberg in Fanny Burney’s diary whilst she was working as a dresser to Queen Charlotte at Windsor Castle.

Reviewing the Georgian court through a ‘Blomberg lens’ has revealed so many occasions when Frederick, the ‘adopted son’, played a crucial part in royal life.  I am thankful for the generous digitization of so many of the publications of the day for making so much fascinating detail available.

CC-BY
Rosalind Freeborn
Independent researcher
Creative Commons Attribution licence

Further reading:
Rosalind Freeborn, Prince George and Master Frederick: Royal Friends and Secret Brothers (Alliance Publishing Press, 2025)
Thomas Sedgewick Whalley, Journals and Correspondence of Thomas Sedgewick Whalley vol 2 (London, 1863)
John Mason Neale, The Unseen World; communications with it, real or imaginary, including apparitions, warnings, haunted places, prophecies, aerial visions, astrology, etc (London, 1847)
Admissions to the College of St. John, the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge Pt. IV July 1767- July 1802, edited with notes by R. F. Scott (Cambridge, 1931)
British Newspaper Archive

A recent acquisition to the India Office Private Papers has now been catalogued and is available for researchers to view in the British Library’s Asian and African Studies reading room.  The collection consists of the papers of Charles Henry Roberts (1865-1959), Under-Secretary of State for India 1914-1915.

Sketch of Charles Roberts in the Westminster Gazette July 1923 Mss Eur F770/5/9 f.8

Charles Roberts was born on 22 August 1865, the son of the Rev Albert Roberts, Vicar of Tidebrook and Ellen Wace of Wadhurst.  He was educated at Marlborough College and Balliol College, Oxford.  He was also a fellow at Exeter College, Oxford and taught there from 1889 to 1895.  Roberts was involved in Liberal politics from an early age and tried unsuccessfully to be elected as a Liberal Party MP to the seats of Wednesbury in 1895 and Lincoln in 1900. 

House of Commons Voting Record for Roberts 1906 Mss Eur F770/2/1 f.1

His third attempt was successful, and he became Liberal MP for Lincoln in the 1906 general election, a seat he held until 1918.  He held a number of posts in government in that time, including Under Secretary of State for India 1914-1915, Comptroller of the Household 1915-1916, Chairman of the National Health Insurance Joint Committee 1915-1916, and was a member of the Montagu Delegation to India 1917-1918.

Letter from Gandhi to Roberts about the Indian Volunteer Corps Mss Eur F770/1/23 f.32

The collection includes letters to Roberts while he was at the India Office, often relating to the routine work of the office, such as arranging meetings with visitors, requests for passes to the House of Commons and other Parliamentary business, but there are also fascinating letters from individuals requesting assistance.  Roberts was Under Secretary at the India Office at the outbreak of the First World War, and many of the letters he received dealt with military matters relating to the Indian Expeditionary Force and the hospitals for Indian soldiers.  There are also a few letters relating to Roberts’ other interests such as Liberal politics, Temperance matters, National Health Insurance and Indian constitutional reform.  Included are letters from prominent British politicians and leading Indian figures, such as Winston Churchill, H H Asquith, Edwin Samuel Montagu, Sir Charles Hardinge, Sir William Wedderburn, Gandhi, Bhupendra Nath Basu, Cornelia Sorabji, and Maharaja Ranjitsinhji of Nawanagar.

Notes by Roberts for his India Budget Speech 1914 Mss Eur F770/3/1

As a prominent politician and member of the Government, Roberts was often required to make speeches, such as his 1914 speech in the House of Commons on the India Budget, and some of his rough preparatory notes survive.  The collection contains his notes for speeches and talks he gave on a variety of subjects, such as education, Indian finance, Indian and the War, constitutional reform in India, Tibet, and the Liberal Party and liberalism.  The collection also includes many official papers from his time in government, including copies of private telegrams between the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy of India, and copies of telegrams from Sir Percy Cox, Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, and the Resident at Aden.  There are papers on subjects such as the Excise Administration in India, Indian wheat exports, the response in India to British Government policy towards Turkey, and the Government of India policy on local self-government.  There is also a report on a deputation of members of the Indian National Congress who visited the India Office in May 1914, which included Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

Memo by Roberts on his meeting with the Indian National Congress Deputation May 1914 Mss Eur F770/2/9 f.17

John O’Brien
India Office Records

Further Reading:
Papers of Charles Henry Roberts (1865-1959), Liberal Politician, Under Secretary of State for India 1914-1915, Mss Eur F770 – a paper catalogue of the contents is available to consult in the Asian and African Studies Reading Room.

Roberts' papers relating to the Montagu Delegation to India 1917-1918 and the Financial Relations Committee 1919-1920 can be found at Mss Eur F170 – a list for this collection can be found on The National Archives' Discovery catalogue.

The social issues publicised in two plays by John Galsworthy suggest he should be remembered for his philanthropy, not just for writing The Forsyte Saga.

The personal papers of John Galsworthy (1867-1933) have been acquired by the British Library and are now fully catalogued (Add MS 89733).  Although relatively unknown today, Galsworthy was a big name during his lifetime, receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.

John Galsworthy by an unknown photographer, circa 1929 NPG x14353 © National Portrait Gallery, London CC BY-NC-ND 3.0

John did not write for fame and financial success, but realised his popularity gave him a platform to support causes close to his heart.  Galsworthy’s compassionate nature was reflected in the subjects he was inspired to write about.  Beyond the subtle satire of the acquisitive middle class in A Man of Property and the other Forsyte novels, it was John’s plays that most obviously brought social issues to the fore.

Annotated typescript of The Silver Box giving Jones’ response to his sentence - Add MS 89733/2/10 f. 126

In 1907 his debut play, The Silver Box, utilised Galsworthy’s legal training to highlight prejudices in the British justice system.  When an unemployed labourer, Jones, takes a cigarette box as well as a purse he knows was stolen by the son of an MP, the truth is suppressed to spare the young gentleman’s reputation.  In court the case partly rests on their drunken recollections of meeting in the early hours of the morning.  Although Jones cries: 'My word’s as good as yours', his physical defence of his wife when she was arrested combines with his social status to seal his fate.

Typescript draft of Galsworthy’s report on Separate Confinement - Add MS 89733/13/2 f. 35

Galsworthy was also concerned about the overuse of solitary confinement as a punishment in British prisons and therefore requested permission to visit and interview inmates.  He then wrote to contemporary politicians including Winston Churchill, published an open letter to the Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone, and wrote a new play Justice.  First staged in 1910, its success increased public pressure on the government and resulted in a legal limit on hours prisoners could be in solitary.

Manuscript of the script of Justice showing Galsworthy’s drawing of the protagonist’s cell - Add MS 89733/2/5 f. 125

These are just two of John’s early plays and represent only a part of the social topics covered by his dramatic output.  Strife brought an industrial dispute onto the London stage, Loyalties touched on British antisemitism, and A Family Man covered the changing role of women in society.  He also wrote poems and articles on behalf of a number of charities and worthy causes, including animal rights, women’s suffrage, and the rehabilitation of disabled servicemen.

Matthew Waters
Curator, Modern Archives & Manuscripts

 

The India Office Records and Private Papers, held at the British Library, contains many very interesting documents relating to M K Gandhi and the Indian Independence movement.  Among these is one letter which often attracts comment from visitors to the Library.  This is a letter from Gandhi to Herbert William Emerson, Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India, and dated 28 August 1931, just prior to his travelling to England to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

First page of letter from Gandhi to Herbert William Emerson, Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India, 28 August 1931 IOR/R/3/1/289

In the letter, Gandhi criticised the tactics of Government in recent negotiations: ‘This is to tell you how grieved I felt in Simla over what appeared to me to be your obstructive tactics.  I hope I am wrong in my fears and that you were not responsible for the exasperating situation that led to the waste of precious three days.  The securing of a constitution is nothing to me compared to the joy of discovering human contacts by which one could swear'. However, Gandhi was keen to reassure Emerson that he bore him no ill-will: ‘I shall soon forget the sad memories of the past three days and I know you will forgive me if I have unwittingly misjudged you'.  He went on to say that the future filled him with fear and misgivings and warned Emerson that if Government continued to distrust men such as Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and Abdul Ghaffar Khan, then an explosion would be almost unavoidable.  He continued: ‘You will most certainly avoid it by trusting them.  I think I know the influence you have.  May I assume your promise to use it right’.

Second page of letter from Gandhi to Herbert William Emerson, Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India, 28 August 1931 IOR/R/3/1/289

Gandhi ended the letter by saying that he had written freely in the exercise of a privilege of friendship and so hoped not to be misunderstood.  He then explained that ‘My right hand needing rest, I have to write with the left hand.  I could not dictate a personal letter like this’.  It might seem surprising to have such informal and friendly communication with government officials to whom he was so completely opposed.  However, a core component of Gandhi’s philosophy was that a free India must be based on a respect and love which encompassed everyone, even British officials.

Emerson's reply to Gandhi, 1 September 1931 IOR/R/3/1/289

Emerson replied to Gandhi on 1 September and commented: ‘I did not know you were ambidextrous.  May I congratulate you on the excellence of your left hand writing.  It is neater than I can achieve with the right hand’.  He thought it was hard to be accused of obstructive tactics, and assured Gandhi that the Government wished to keep the peace.

John O’Brien
India Office Records

Further Reading:
Correspondence with and noting about Gandhi, 1922-1932, reference IOR/R/3/1/289.
Amar Kaur Jasbir Singh, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience. Documents in the India Office Records 1922-1946 (India Office Library and Records: London, 1980).

 

In the days of the British Empire, North-East India provided temporary homes to a handful of European women, all with a common fascination for the Naga people.  The Nagas are a group of indigenous hill people, of Mongoloid origin, speaking diverse languages who shared a warrior culture prior to the imposition of the British administration.

Apart from the American Baptist missionary, Mary Mead Clark, these women were linked to British government representatives, military or political.  Some left written accounts, the best known being the books of Ursula Graham Bower.  These accounts cover events and comment on the people amongst whom they lived.  As such they have a historical and ethnographic value.  One of these is the diary of Connie Shakespear.  She writes of her time in the Naga Hills in 1900-1902 and includes photographs.  The world of amateur photography had just dawned; hand-held cameras were now available.  She and her husband captured traditional village culture in the Naga Hills, hardly altered for centuries, before the great social and cultural changes brought about by Baptist missions.  This unique record sets Connie’s work apart.

'Gwasen and his protege. Themakodima village. February 1902’ – image copyright of author

Connie comments on graves, dress, custom and ‘court proceedings’. Examples of her observation and description abound, such as:
‘… the unfailing good temper of the people.  I have never yet seen any exhibition of bad temper among them, no children quarrelling or fighting, no angry mothers scolding or cuffing their children, nor, as I say, any quarrelling at all, nothing but good temper and good will’.

'Mithun and group at Ghuckia's village' January 1901 – image copyright of author

Another example: ‘The Judge was a fine old fellow who standing up was haranguing the Court, (lines of men seated opposite him on the opposite bank of the street) and pointing each period of his speech by a violent dig of the spear he held in his hand into the mud in the middle of the street’.

Although Connie held the imperial mindset of her time, her ability to interact with Naga villagers, and with some individuals particularly, show a respect and a feeling for shared humanity.

Ayo and Impi -– image copyright of author

Bidding farewell to Ayo from Tamlu she writes: ‘It was quite touching.  He explained how, having his photo I should go into many countries but could always look at this and say “this is Ayo”.  He expressed his regret in many quaint little ways, and then finally laying one hand on my shoulder, and the other on my chest, with this sort of embrace he turned away, and we went our several ways’.

Moimang and Ayo, Lengta Nagas, Tamlu, February 1902 – image copyright of author

Although not in the same bracket as her cousin John Shakespear (1774–1858), who wrote on the peoples of the Lushai Hills, Connie’s photographs and writing are interesting for what they tell us of the lives of the Naga people then.  Her diary shows her love for the Naga Hills and enduring respect and feelings for the Naga people which she shared with the other ladies, notably Ursula Graham Bower, Mildred Archer and Mary Clark.

CC-BY
Nigel Shakespear
The Highland Institute, Fellow

Creative Commons Attribution licence

Further reading:
Connie Shakespear, The Diary of Connie Shakespear The Naga Hills 1900-1902 (Highlander Press, 2021)
Ursula Graham Bower, Naga Path (John Murray, 1950)
Mary Mead Clark, A Corner in India (American Baptist Publication Society, 1907)