UK Web Archive blog

By Helena Byrne, Curator of Web Archives

DHNB 2025 Conference Banner

The UK Web Archive was one of five web archive organisations represented in the Web Archive Collections as Data workshop held at the Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries (DHNB) 2025 conference held at the National Museum of Estonia in Tartu. The UK Web Archive has participated in the 2025, 2024 and 2023 DHNB conference. The workshop was organised by Olga Holownia, Senior Programme Officer at the International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC). It served as an introduction to web archives and web archives collections as data with a focus on use cases but also the challenges related to producing, sharing and publishing, collections as data.

The first stage of the workshop gave a brief overview of the collections as data movement within the GLAM sector, and introduced the Collections as Data Checklist developed by members of the GLAM Labs community. It also introduced what web archives are and where you can access them, how a selection of web archives are making their collections available as data as well as what are the potential research opportunities for these collections. The panel included Olga Holownia (IIPC), Gustavo Candela (University of Alicante), Helena Byrne (British Library), Jon Carlstedt Tønnessen (National Library of Norway), Anders Klindt Myrvoll (Royal Danish Library), Sophie Ham and Steven Claeyssens (KB, National Library of the Netherlands). 

The UK Web Archive presentation promoted the recently published Datasheets for Web Archives Toolkit and the new metadata data sets that are available through the British Library Research Repository. The presentation gave an overview of how the project started, the background to how the Toolkit was prepared and how it was implemented.

Web Archives Collections as Data Workshop at DHNB 2025. Photographer: Helena Byrne & Carmen Kurg.

The activity stage of the workshop focused on how we could adapt the Collections as Data Checklist for web archives. The participants were split into three groups. They reviewed the checklist through the lens of if it is applicable to web archives, how it could be adapted if it does not fit, what solutions can be developed to overcome some of the challenging sections of the checklist. There was a rich discussion amongst the groups which also benefited from having both researchers and library professionals involved in reviewing the checklist.

Web Archives Collections as Data Workshop at DHNB 2025. Photographer: Carmen Kurg.

The general consensus from the groups was that maybe more detail is needed to accompany the Checklist so that it could be applied to web archive collections. Some of the points on the Checklist are particularly difficult to apply to web archive collections. There was a lot of discussion on the first two points as they cover licensing and citation. These are particularly difficult for web archives due to national legislation; most web archives operate on a dark or grey access model and most onsite terminals used to access web archives have copy and paste functions disabled so citation can become problematic. However, the participants were positive about the potential to apply an annotated or adapted Collections as Data Checklist specifically for web archives. The brainstorming session at this workshop was the first step of starting a discussion about what resources are needed to improve the process of publishing web archive collections as data. The second of these discussions was picked up at the IIPC Web Archiving Conference in April 2025. 

For a more general report from the DHNB conference click the link to the Digital Scholarship blog to read the report: https://blogs.bl.uk/digital-scholarship/2025/04/dhnb-2025-digital-humanities-in-the-nordic-and-baltic-countries-conference-report.html 

By Helena Byrne, Curator of Web Archives

Datasheets for Web Archives Toolkit

Since autumn 2022, Emily Maemura from the University of Illinois and Helena Byrne from the UK Web Archive team at the British Library have been exploring how the Datasheets for Datasets framework, devised for machine learning by Gebru et. al, could be applied to web archives. In order to explore the research question “can we use datasheets to describe the provenance of web archives, supporting research uses?” a series of workshops were organised in 2023. 

These workshops included a card sorting exercise with expertise in web archives as well as general information management. After the card sorting exercise there was a general discussion about using this framework to describe web archive collections.

These workshops formed the core of the guidance documentation published in the Datasheets for Web Archives Toolkit published in the British Library Research Repository.

The Toolkit

This Toolkit provides information on the creation of datasheets for web archives datasets. The datasheet concept is based on past work from Gebru et al. at Microsoft Research. The datasheet template and samples here were developed through a series of workshops with web archives curators, information professionals, and researchers during Spring and Summer 2023. The toolkit is composed of several parts including templates, examples, and guidance documents. Documents in the toolkit are available at a single DOI (https://doi.org/10.22020/rq8z-r112) and include:

1. Toolkit Overview 
2. Datasheets Question Guide
3. Datasheet Blank Template

Implementation 

The UK Web Archive has implemented this framework to publish data sets from its curation software the W3 Annotation Curation Tool (ACT). These data sets are available to view in the UK Web Archive: Data folder in the British Library Research Repository. So far there are just a few collections published but this will grow over the coming months.

By Carlos Lelkes-Rarugal, Assistant Web Archivist

We have data, lots and lots of data, which is of unique importance to researchers, but presents significant challenges for those wanting to interact with it. As our holdings grow by terabytes each month, this creates significant hurdles for the UK Web Archive team who are tasked with organising the data and for researchers who wish to access it. With the scale and complexity of the data, how can one first begin to comprehend what it is that they are dealing with and understand how the collection came into being? 

This challenge is not unique to digital humanities. It is a common issue in any field dealing with vast amounts of data. A recent special report on the skills required by researchers working with web archives was produced by the Web ARChive studies network (WARCnet). This report, based on the Web Archive Research Skills and Tools Survey (WARST), provides valuable insights and can be accessed here: WARCnet Special Report - An overview of Skills, Tools & Knowledge Ecologies in Web Archive Research.

At the UK Web Archive, legal and technical restrictions dictate how we can collect, store and provide access to the data. To enhance researcher engagement, Helena Byrne, Curator of Web Archives at the British Library, and Emily Maemura, Assistant Professor at the School of Information Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, have been collaborating to explore how and which types of datasets can be published. Their efforts include developing options that would enable users to programmatically examine the metadata of the UK Web Archive collections.

Thematic collections and our metadata

To understand this rich metadata, we first have to examine how it is created and where it is held..

Since 2005 we have used a number of applications, systems, and tools to enable us to curate websites. The most recent being the Annotation and Curation Tool (ACT), which enables authenticated users, mainly curators and archivists, to create metadata that define and describe targeted websites. The ACT tool also serves  to help users build collections around topics and themes, such as the UEFA Women's Euro England 2022. To build collections, ACT users first input basic metadata to build a record around a website, including information such as website URLs, descriptions, titles, and crawl frequency. With this basic ACT record describing a website, additional metadata can be added, for example metadata that is used to assign a website record to a collection. One of the great features of ACT is its extensibility, allowing us, for instance, to create new collections.

These collections, which are based around a theme or an event, give us the ability to highlight archived content. The UK Web Archive holds millions of archived websites, many of which may be unknown or rarely viewed, and so to help showcase a fraction of our holdings, we build these collections which draw on the expertise of both internal and external partners.

Exporting metadata as CSV and JSON files

That’s how we create the metadata, but how is it stored? ACT  is a web application and the metadata created through it is stored in a Postgres relational database, allowing authenticated users to input metadata in accordance to the fields within ACT. As the Assistant Web Archivist, I was given the task to extract the metadata from the database, exporting each selected collection as a CSV and JSON file. To get to that stage, the Curatorial team first had to decide which fields were to be exported. 

The ACT database is quite complex, in that there are 50+ tables which need to be considered. To enable local analysis of the database, a static copy is loaded into a database administration application, in this case, DBeaver. Using the free-to-use tool, I was able to create entity relationship diagrams of the tables and provide an extensive list of fields to the curators so that they could determine which fields are the most appropriate to export.

I then worked on a refined version of the list of fields, running a script for the designated Collection and pulling out specific metadata to be exported. To extract the fields and the metadata into an exportable format, I created an SQL (Structured Query Language) script which can be used to export results in both JSON and/or CSV: 

Select

taxonomy.parent_id as "Higher Level Collection",

collection_target.collection_id as "Collection ID",

taxonomy.name as "Collection or Subsection Name",

CASE

     WHEN collection_target.collection_id = 4278 THEN 'Main Collection'

     ELSE 'Subsection'

END AS "Main Collection or Subsection",

target.created_at as "Date Created",

target.id as"Record ID",

field_url.url as "Primary Seed",

target.title as "Title of Target",

target.description as "Description",

target.language as "Language",

target.license_status as "Licence Status",

target.no_ld_criteria_met as "LD Criteria",

target.organisation_id as "Institution ID",

target.updated_at as "Updated",

target.depth as "Depth",

target.scope as "Scope",

target.ignore_robots_txt as "Robots.txt",

target.crawl_frequency as "Crawl Frequency",

target.crawl_start_date as "Crawl Start Date",

target.crawl_end_date as "Crawl End Date"

From

collection_target

Inner Join target On collection_target.target_id = target.id

Left Join taxonomy On collection_target.collection_id = taxonomy.id

Left Join organisation On target.organisation_id = organisation.id

Inner Join field_url On field_url.target_id = target.id

Where

collection_target.collection_id in (4278, 4279, 4280, 4281, 4282, 4283, 4284) And

(field_url.position Is Null Or field_url.position In (0))

JSON output example for the Women’s Euro Collection

Accessing and using the data

The published metadata is available from the BL Research Repository within the UK Web Archive section, in the folder “UK Web Archive: Data”. Each dataset includes the metadata seed list in both CSV and JSON formats, a data dictionary and a datasheet which gives provenance information about how the dataset was created as well as a data dictionary that defines each of the data fields. The first collections selected for publication were:

1. Indian Ocean Tsunami December 2004 (January-March 2005) [https://doi.org/10.23636/sgkz-g054]
2. Blogs (2005 onwards) [https://doi.org/10.23636/ec9m-nj89] 
3. UEFA Women's Euro England 2022 (June-October 2022) [https://doi.org/10.23636/amm7-4y46] 

By Ely Nott, Library, Information and Archives Services Apprentice

After another extended break, we return to a conversation between UK domain websites as they try to parse out who among them should be crowned the most extraordinary…

“Where should we start this time?” asked Following the Lights. “Any suggestions?”

“If we’re talking weird and wonderful, clearly we should be considered first.” urged Temporary Temples, cutting off Concorde Memorabilia before they could make a sound.

“We should choose a website with a real grounding in reality.” countered the UK Association of Fossil Hunters.

“So, us, then.” shrugged the Grampian Speleological Group. “Or if not, perhaps the Geocaching Association of Great Britain?”

“We’ve got a bright idea!” said Lightbulb Languages, “Why not pick us?”

“There is no hurry.” soothed the World Poohsticks Champsionships, “We have plenty of time to think, think, think it over.”

“This is all a bit too exciting for us.” sighed the Dull Men’s Club, who was drowned out by the others.

“The title would be right at gnome with us.” said The Home of Gnome, with a little wink and a nudge to the Clown Egg Gallery, who cracked a smile.

“Don’t be so corny.” chided the Corn Exchange Benevolent Society. “Surely the title should go to the website that does the most social good?”

“Then what about Froglife?” piped up the Society of Recorder Players.

“If we’re talking ecology, we’d like to be considered!” the Mushroom enthused, egged on by Moth Dissection UK. “We have both aesthetic and environmental value.”

“Surely, any discussion of aesthetics should prioritise us.” preened Visit Stained Glass, as Old so Kool rolled their eyes.

The back and forth continued, with time ticking on until they eventually concluded that the most extraordinary site of all had to be… Saving Old Seagulls.

Check out previous episodes in this series by Hedley Sutton - Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 Part 4 and Part 5

By Cameron Huggett, PhD Student (CDP), British Library/Teesside University

IIPC Early Scholars Spring School on Web Archives banner

My name is Cameron, and I am currently undertaking an AHRC funded Collaborative Doctoral Partnership (CDP) project, between the British Library and Teesside University. My research centres on racial discourses within association football fanzines and e-zines from c.1975 to the present, and aims to examine the broader connections between football fandom, race and identity. 

I attended the Early Scholars Spring School on Web Archives, prior to commencement of the conference, which allowed me to knowledge share with colleagues from a number of different countries, institutions and disciplines, offering new perspectives on my own research. Within this school, I was fortunate enough to be able to deliver a short lighting talk, outlining my own use of web archiving within my research into the history of racial discourses within football fanzines. This generated an engaging discussion around my methodologies and led me to reflect upon how quantitative techniques can be better adopted within historical research practices.

I also particularly enjoyed discovering more about the collections of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) and Institut National de L'audiovisuel (INA). The scope of the collections and innovative user interfaces were particularly impressive. For example, INA had created a programme that allowed the user to view a collection item, such as an election debate broadcast, alongside archived tweets relating to event in real time.

 My primary takeaway was how web archives can be innovatively employed to record the breadth and depth of online communities and discourses, as well as supplement more traditional sources within a historian’s research framework.  

Nicola Bingham, Lead Curator of Web Archiving, British Library

The British Library is continuing to experience disruption following a cyber-attack and are working hard to restore services. Disruption to some services is, however, expected to persist for several months. In the meantime, our buildings are open and we’ve released a searchable online version of our main catalogue, which contains records of the majority of our printed collections as well as some freely available online resources. Our reference team are on hand to answer queries, advise on collection item availability and help with other ways to complete your work. Please email [email protected] or find out more. The disruption is affecting our website, online systems and services. Please see our temporary website for up-to-date information.

Despite the disruption to access to the UK Web Archive, we continue to crawl or acquire copies of websites, as well as add new websites to our acquisition process which is being undertaken with Amazon Web Services in the Cloud, ensuring that the UK Web Archive collection is updated and preserved as usual.

We appreciate that for regular users of the UK Web Archive, the temporary unavailability of this valuable resource is inconvenient and disruptive. There exist several alternative openly accessible web archives that can serve as sources of information while the UK Web Archive is offline.

Other Openly Accessible Web Archives

Internet Archive: Known as the largest and most comprehensive web archive globally, it includes the famous Wayback Machine and boasts an extensive collection of archived web pages.

Understanding the Differences

While the Internet Archive captures a broad spectrum of global content, the UK Web Archive focuses specifically on the UK web. The UK Web Archive offers comprehensive crawls, curated collections, and secondary datasets for research. However, access is primarily restricted to legal deposit libraries, with some resources available openly.

The Internet Archive allows remote access to archived websites, but its search functionalities and scope differ from the UK Web Archive.

Memento Time Travel: This innovative platform operates under the Memento protocol, allowing users to view archived websites across various openly accessible web archives. It acts as a bridge, enabling access to past versions of web resources stored in archives such as the Internet Archive, Archive-It, UK Web Archive, archive.today, GitHub, and more. While it displays links to Mementos, it doesn’t retain the content itself.

Portuguese Web Archive (Arquivo.pt): Developed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, this archive aims to preserve and grant access to the Portuguese web domain and its contents. It also archives a significant amount of European Union and transnational content. It's a valuable resource for preserving the digital heritage of Portugal and contributing to the preservation of European and Portuguese-language online information.

UK Government Web Archive: An openly accessible archive preserving UK central government information, encompassing videos, tweets, images, and websites dating from 1996 to the present day.

UK Parliament Web Archive: This openly accessible archive covers parliamentary websites and social media content from 2009 to the present day.

National Records of Scotland Web Archive: Offering open access, this archive allows browsing and searching of websites related to Scotland’s people and history.

Seeking Information and Resources While the UK Web Archive is offline, the UK Web Archive blog remains accessible and serves as a useful source of information about the archive.

Additionally, although the UK Web Archive itself might be temporarily inaccessible, its information pages have been preserved by the Internet Archive, accessible [here] (https://web.archive.org/web/20240000000000*/https://www.webarchive.org.uk).

For those keen on delving deeper, the British Library Research Repository houses supporting documents related to the UK Web Archive, such as collection scoping documents, annual reports, statistics, and research publications. The repository can be accessed [here](https://doi.org/10.23636/hj5v-3c07).

While the UK Web Archive takes a brief hiatus, we hope these alternative resources help. And perhaps embracing these other openly accessible archives might even unveil new avenues and perspectives for exploration.

While we work hard to recover all our online services you can find regular updates on progress published on our Knowledge Matters blog.

By Andy Jackson, Web Archive Technical Lead, British Library

This is a summary of what’s been going on since the 2023 Q2 report. 

Replication

The most important achievement over the last quarter has been establishing a replica of the UK Web Archive holdings at the National Library of Scotland (NLS). The five servers we’d filled with data were shipped, and our NLS colleagues kindly unpacked and installed them. We visited a few weeks later, finishing off the configuration of the servers so they can be monitored by the NLS staff and remotely managed by us.

This replica contains 1.160 PB of WARCs and logs, covering the period up until February 2023. But, of course, we’ve continued collection since then, and including the 2023 Domain Crawl, we already have significantly more data held at the British Library (about 160 TB more, ~1.3 PB in total). So, the next stage of the project is to establish processes to monitor and update the remote replica. Hopefully, we can update it over the internet rather than having to ship hardware back and forth, but this is what we’ll be looking into over the next weeks.

The 2023 Domain Crawl

As reported before, this year we are running the Domain Crawl on site. It’s had some issues with link farms, which caused the number of domains to leap from around 30 million to around 175 million, which crashed the crawl process.

2023 Domain Crawl queues over time, showing peak at 175 million queues.

However, we were able to clean up and restart it, and it’s been stable since then. As of the end of this quarter we’ve downloaded 2.8 billion URLs, corresponding to 183 TB of (uncompressed) data.

Legal Deposit Access Service

We’ve continued to work with Webrecorder, who have added citation, search and print functionality to the ePub reader part of the Legal Deposit Access Service. This has been deployed and is available for staff testing, but we are still resolving issues around making it available for realistic testing in reading rooms across the Legal Deposit Libraries.

Browsertrix Cloud Local Deployment

We have worked out most of the issues around getting Browsertrix Cloud deployed in a way that complies with Non-Print Legal Deposit legislation and with our local policies. We are awaiting the 1.7.0 release which will include everything we need to have a functional prototype service.

Once it’s running, we can start trying our some test crawls, and work on how best to integrate the outputs into our main collection. We need some metadata protocol for marking crawls as ready for ingest, and we need to update our tools to carefully copy the results into our archival store, and support using WACZ files for indexing and access.

UK Web Archiving team, British Library

The UK Web Archive collects and preserves websites from the UK. When we started collecting in 2005, we sought permission from owners to archive their websites. Since 2013, legal deposit regulations have allowed us to automatically collect all websites that we can identify as located in or originating from the UK. 

Since its inception, the UK Web Archive has collected websites using a number of different methods, with an evolving technological structure and under different legal regulations. The result of this means that what can be discovered and accessed is complicated and, therefore, not always easy to explain and understand. In this post we attempt to explain the concepts and terms of what a user will be able to find.

In the table below is a summary of the different search and access options which can be carried out via our main website (www.webarchive.org.uk). The rest of this post will go into more detail about the terms that we have used in this table.

Table of content availble in the UK Web Archive 

Year

In this table, ‘year’ refers to the year in which we archived a website, or web resource. This might be different to the year in which it was published or made available online. Once you have found an archived website, you can use the calendar feature to view all the instances, or ‘snapshots’ of that page (which might run over many years).  

Legal deposit regulations came into effect in April 2013. Before this date, websites were collected selectively and with the owners’ permissions. This means the amount of content we have from this earlier period is comparatively smaller, but (with some exceptions) is all available openly online. 

From 2013 onwards, we have collected all websites that we can identify as located in or originating from the UK. We do this once per year in a process that we call the ‘annual domain crawl.’

URL look-up

If you know the URL of a website you want to find in the UK Web Archive, you can use the search box at: https://www.webarchive.org.uk. The search box should recognise that you are looking for a URL, and you can also use a drop-down menu to switch between Full Text and URL search.

URL search covers the widest amount of the collection, and our index, which makes the websites searchable, is updated daily.

https://www.webarchive.org.uk/

Full text search

Much of the web archive collection has been indexed and allows a free-text search of the content, i.e., any word, phrase, number etc. Note: Given the amount of data in the web archive, the number of results will be very large.

Currently, full text search is available for all our automatically collected content up to 2015, and our curator selected websites up to 2017. 

Access at legal deposit libraries

Unless the website owner gives explicit permission otherwise, legal deposit regulations restrict access to archived websites to the six UK Legal Deposit Libraries. Access is in reading rooms using a library managed computer terminal.

Users will need a reader's pass to access a reading room: check the website of each Library on how to get a reader’s pass.

Online access outside a legal deposit library

We frequently request permission from website owners to allow us to make their archived websites openly accessible through our website. Where permission has been granted, these archived websites can be accessed from our website https://www.webarchive.org.uk/ from any location where you have internet access.

Additionally, we also make archived web content we can identify as having an Open Government Licence openly accessible.

From all the requests we send for open access to websites, we receive permission from approximately 25% of website owners.  However, these websites form a significant overall amount of content available in the archive. This is because they tend to be larger websites and are captured more frequently (daily, weekly, monthly etc.) over many years.

Curator selected websites

Each year, UK Web Archive curators, and other partners who we work with, identify thousands of resources on the web that are related to a particular topic or event, or that require more frequent collection than once per year.

Many of these archived websites form part of our Topics and Themes collections. We have more than 100 of these, covering general elections, sporting events, creative works, and communications between groups with shared interests or experiences. You can browse these collections to find archived web resources relating to these topics and themes. 

Annual Domain Crawl

Separate from selections made by curators, we conduct an annual ‘domain crawl’ to collect as much of the UK Web as possible. This is done under the Non-Print Legal Deposit regulations, with one ‘crawl’ completed each year. This domain crawl is largely automated and looks to archive all .uk, .scot, .wales, .cymru and .london top-level domain websites plus others that have been identified as being UK-based and in scope for collection.